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In analytical science, Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), also referred to as a gas chromatography (GC) is the most commonly applied technique for volatile compound separation and analysis. It operates on the principle of partition chromatography where compounds in a gaseous mobile phase, carrier gas interact with a stationary phase that is coated on the inner wall of the column.
GLC offers a great separation performance that allows complex mixtures to be broken down into individual components which is essential for analyzing compounds found in samples with different chemical compositions.
GLC can handle a wide range of compounds starting from small volatile molecules to large biomolecules and hence it finds application in diverse areas such as pharmaceuticals, environmental analysis, food and beverage industry, forensic studies and petrochemicals.
Analysis time by GLC is short, usually minutes to hours; therefore rapid separations are within reach. Besides, the method provides high sensitivity for it can detect compounds at trace levels; even at parts per billion or parts per trillion concentrations.
The accuracy and precision of measurements made by GLC makes them suitable for quantitative analysis. This entails development of calibration curves using standards and then employing these curves to quantify target components in unknown samples.
GC-MS system or other detectors coupled with GLC can provide structural information about analytes. Mass spectrometry uses mass-to-charge ratio together with fragmentation patterns whereas other detectors like UV-Vis spectra give complimentary information to assist in identification.
Automation enables the use of GLC systems in high throughput analysis where numerous samples are analyzed within a relatively short period of time making analytical laboratories that deal with huge sample numbers have less problem when carrying out routine analyses than those that do not employ this technique.
It operates at lower temperatures as compared to other chromatographic methods thus lowering chances of sample degradation or any chemical reactions happening during the analysis process especially when it comes heat-sensitive substances
Various types of detectors can be employed in GLC such as the flame ionization detectors (FID), thermal conductivity detectors (TCD), electron capture detectors (ECD) and mass spectrometers (MS). These devices offer different specificities and sensitivities that enhance application versatility of GLC.
GLC columns can be selected or custom-made to exhibit some specific separation properties based on analyte properties like polarity, volatility and molecular weight. Separations therefore can be fine-tuned to meet particular analytical requirements.
Quality control and regulatory compliance in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, and environmental monitoring depend significantly upon gas chromatography. It helps ensure product quality, safety, and conformity with regulations by precisely measuring analytes and detecting impurities or contaminants.
In general gas-liquid chromatography is versatile, fast, sensitive, accurate hence it has revolutionized chemical analysis now being an indispensable tool for modern analytical chemistry.
