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Compounds that can be vaporized without decomposing can be separated from one another and examined using the analytical technique known as gas chromatography (GC). Particularly useful in the pharmaceutical business, forensics, environmental analysis, and chemistry.
The procedure starts with the injection of a tiny quantity of the sample into the GC apparatus. Either manually or via an autosampler, this can be done.
The sample is vaporized in the injector port if it is not already gaseous. In most cases, this entails heating the sample to turn it into a gas.
A carrier gas is used to transport the vaporized sample through the GC column. This gas is commonly an inert gas, such as helium, nitrogen, or hydrogen. The application and the substances being studied determine the best carrier gas to use.
The column is the brain of the GC system. This is a lengthy, narrow tube that is coated with or filled with a stationary phase. The stationary phase can interact with the sample chemicals in a variety of ways, depending on whether it is polar or nonpolar.
Schematic diagram of gas chromatography operation
The various chemicals in the sample interact with the stationary phase to variable degrees as the carrier gas forces the vaporized sample through the column. Stronger interactions cause compounds to move through the column more slowly than weaker interactions for them to move through the column more quickly.
A detector at the bottom of the column gauges the concentration of the compounds as they emerge. Mass spectrometers (MS), thermal conductivity detectors (TCD), and flame ionization detectors (FID) are examples of common detectors.
As substances elute from the column, a signal is produced by the detector. The compounds in the sample are identified and quantified using the retention time (the amount of time it takes for a chemical to exit the column) and the peak area in the detector signal.
A chromatogram, which is a graph of detector response (y-axis) vs time (x-axis), represents the data gathered from the detector. A distinct compound is represented by each peak in the chromatogram.
Retention durations and mass spectra of sample peaks (if using a mass spectrometer) are often compared to established standards or a database of chemicals in order to identify a compound.
A potent analytical method for isolating and measuring the chemicals in a mixture is gas chromatography (GC). But like any analytical technique, it occasionally runs into problems that need to be fixed. Here are some strategies and advice for resolving typical issues with gas chromatography:
Handle carefully: The columns are flimsy. Refrain from overtightening connections, extreme temperature changes, and bodily harm.
Check Gas Supply: Verify that there are no obstacles in the gas lines and that your gas cylinders or sources are not empty.
Since it is so adaptable, gas chromatography can be used for a variety of purposes, such as environmental analysis, food testing, drug testing, and other things. It is a useful method in analytical chemistry since it allows for the exact separation and quantification of molecules within a mixture.
