Novel finding could prompt better medicines for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes

Overview

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• Source: Monash University


• Date: 13 Feb,2021

Monash University researchers have discovered the barrier to β-cell (beta mobile ) regeneration which could pave the way for improved treatments for diabetes and diseases that involve organ and tissue damage.

The human body does not repair itself very well, with our liver the only organ that can regenerate economically. We have limited capacity to regenerate new cells or tissue after arrival as the genes involved in development are switched off.

This method occurs through DNA methylation, a biological process where chemicals (methyl groups) are written on DNA and modify how the gene functions. This modification effectively silences genes of progenitor cells (early descendants of stem cells) in the body and thereby the ability for the pancreas to create the insulin producing β-cells.

Using mouse models, the study published in Regenerative Medicine, led by Professor Sam El-Osta in Monash Central Clinical School, discovered that the DNA methylation content of two key developmental genes Ngn3 and Sox 11 were diminished, effectively making them’repair’ dormant.

However, through demethylation, progenitor cells can be reawakened, restoring their capability to develop into new insulin producing beta cells paving the way towards improved treatments for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.

The collaboration between Dr Keith Al-Hasani and Dr Ishant Khurana has unveiled some surprising results. Their discovery that DNA methylation is a barrier to adult beta-cell regeneration will assist scientists to restore beta-cell function in the pancreas.”

Professor Sam El-Osta, Monash Central Clinical School

Currently, replacing the damaged β-cell mass in diabetic patients includes whole pancreas or islets transplantation. Although efficient, these treatments face the shortage of organ donors along with the associated side effects of immunosuppressive drugs.

Current research focuses on the replacement of the missing β-cells in diabetic patients using several approaches and mobile sources. But critical to exploiting the potential of the regenerative approaches, is understanding how tissue and cellular processes are controlled during development.

Co-first author on the study, Dr Keith Al-Hasani added:”This is a novel and significant finding that will allow us to utilize these”sleeping beauties” (stem cells such as cells) to wake up and become insulin cells to treat diabetes.”